Croatian Science

Croatian Medicine

Gjuro Baglivi (born in Dubrovnik, 1668-1707) was a professor of anatomy and theoretical medicine in Rome (Sapienza) already at the age of 28, and the Pope's physician. He developed a theory that living fibre was the anatomical and physiological element of all pathological processes (fibral pathology). He also had some essential discoveries in the fine structure of muscles. His collected works written in the Latin language had more than 20 editions, translated into Italian, French, German and English. Académie Française accepted him as "membre d'honneur". Baglivi was also a member of the Royal Society in London.

His Ragusan colleague Anselme Banduri (1675-1743) became a famous antique numismatist in Paris, and entered Académie des Inscriptions et Médailles.

Gjuro Dubrovcanin (Gjuro de Ragusa, that is, Gjuro from Dubrovnik) published his "Epistolae Mathematicae" in Paris in 1680.

Mihajlo Soretic (1741-1786), a Croat who was born and lived in Hungary, was a professor at the Universities of Trnava and Budapest. He conjectured the law of the specific energies of senses. Niko Ostoic (born on the island of Hvar, 1810-1848) wrote a book about the influences of light on human body, one of the pioneering works on modern heliotherapy.

Ferdinand Hadvig was a surgeon in Zagreb who completed his studies in Prague in 1791. There exist documents confirming that already in 1792 he was vaccinating children in Zagreb against smallpox. He was also teaching parents about methods of prevention against smallpox. Historians of medicine claim that the first smallpox vaccination in Zagreb took place before the earliest known such vaccination in England, which was considered to be the earliest in Europe.
This was discovered by Lelja Dobrinic, outstanding Croatian historian, curator of the Zagreb City Museum, see Vjesnik, May 29-30, 1999, p. 35.

Franz Leopold Jelacic (1808 Dorpat-Tartu / Estonia - 1888 Kazan / Russia) is a descendant of noble Croatian family of Jelacic (Russian branch). He studied in Vilnius in Lithuania. After his specialization in Berlin, Vienna, Paris and Munich, he founded The University Clinic in Kazan, for which he obtained felicitations from a minister in 1845.

Count Edgar Bourée de Corberon (1807-1861) was descendant of an old French noble family (born in Troissereux, dpt. of Oise), polyglot and interesting Croatian intellectual. In 1845 he arrived to Zagreb, and settled in Janusevac near Brdovec, the most beautiful Croatian palace at that time. He was a good friend to Ban (viceroy) Josip Jelacic. In his letters Corberon wrote about Croatia as his second homeland, about dangers of intensive magyarization (in his letters to the Hannover king Ernest August I written in French) in turbulent years around 1848.

His generous material support of various Croatian institutions persuaded him to leave the palace of Janusevac, and to settle in Bisag, in Draskovic's palace near Komin. In 1851/52 he urged Ban Josip Jelacic to reestablish the University of Zagreb to full extent (in 1850 the Faculty of Philosophy was cancelled), offering his help as a potential lecturer. As a witness of epidemic of typhus and cholera in Croatia in 1851 he asked the Austrian monarchy officials to open the Faculty of medicine in Zagreb, suggesting its precise structure. Unfortunately, the faculty of medicine was opened only in 1917., during the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I.

By the end of his life Corberon wrote his Programm für die Erweiterung der Königlichen Akademie Agram [Zagreb] to einer volständigen Universität, but the sudden illness and death prevented him from completion of his work. According to his last will, he was buried in Croatia in Bisag. How much he loved his new homeland can be seen from the fact that (also according to his last will) even obituary notices in his native Troisseraux in France had to be printed in Croatian.
See Alojz Getliher, Marulic 3, Zagreb, 1999, pp 528-537.

The oldest orthopedic institution in Croatia and one of the oldest in Europe, is the hospital for orthopedic surgery and rehabilitation "Dr Martin Horvat" in Rovinj, a lovely coastal town in Istria. It was founded in 1888 by Viennese physicians for children from Vienna.

It is interesting that Robert Koch spent two years, 1900 and 1901, on the island of Brijuni near Istrian peninsula, when the malaria disease appeared. There is a monument of Robert Koch carved in live rock, and also his bust. This famous physician and scientist gave impetus to prevent malaria not only on the Brijuni islands, but also in Istria, by drainage of swamps.

Karl Heitzmann (a German, born in Vinkovci, 1836-1896) was a histologist and pathologist and worked in Vienna and New York. He was the first who described hematoblasts. Emanuel Klein (1844-1925), a Croatian Jew born in Osijek, worked as a bacteriologist and histologist in London. He described many fine, until that time unknown structures of human body, and discovered Bacillus enteritidis sporogenes. He proved the streptococal etiology of scarlatina.

Ante Grosic (1849-1926), the head of the surgical ward in the Hospital of Rijeka, was the first to introduce iodic tincture in preoperative disinfection of patient's skin.

Stjepan Poljak (1889-1955), a neuroanatomist, was a professor in Berkeley and Chicago. He was successful in some fundamental discoveries concerning the delicate structure of retina.

Milislav Demerec (1895-1966) worked in the field of genetics in the USA. He had various discoveries in the genetics of bacteria and grew a sort of mould that improved the production of penicillin. President of the American Genetics Society and editor in chief of Advances in Genetics.

Milislav Demerec, links

Jaroslav Havlicek was born in Croatia, in Garesnica (1879 - 1950), of the Czech nationality. His steam boiler fed by coal powder represented a revolution in building large power supplies. A reputed journal Applied Mechanic's Review included him among 10 most important personalities in the history of energetics (besides Volta, Fermi, Edison, Tesla). His major inventions were completed during his stay in Brno (Czechia). Since 1919 he was a professor in Zagreb.

Croatian reader may be surprised to learn that in Argentina there are rivers like Korana, Kupa, Cetina, Una (confluents of river Chany), then Bosna, Lika, Mura, Sava, Drava, Drina (confluents of river Relem). There are also waterfalls Budak and Mime (Rosandic). This is due to Croatian scientist Ivica Frkovic, who led topographic investigations in the south of Argentina in the province of Neuquen near Chilean border. He discovered new, till then unknown rivers, to which he gave Croatian names. He also named two lakes in the region by the names of his daughters Jasna and Mirna, killed in 1945 during infamous Way of the Cross in Yugoslavia, immediately after the WW2. In 1946 president J.D. Peron allowed 35,000 Croats to enter Argentina, to save them from persecutions of Yugoslav state, and among them there were many intellectuals. The founder of the first faculty of forestry in Argentina is dr Josip Balen, together with his Croatian colleagues (Santiago del Estero in the south of Argentina).

Eduard Miloslavic (1884-1952) was a descendant of Dubrovnik emigrants to the USA, born in Oakland, California. His family returned to Dubrovnik in 1889. Ed studied medicine in Vienna, where he became a professor of pathology. In 1920 an invitation came from the Marquette University in Wisconsin, USA, to take the chair of the full professor of pathology, bacteriology and forensic medicine. In subsequent years "Doc Milo", as colleagues called him, inaugurated criminal pathology in the USA. As an outstanding specialist he was also involved in investigations of crimes perpetrated by al Capone gang. He was one of the founders of the International Academy for Forensic Medicine, member of many American and European scientific societies and academies, and also vice president of the Croatian Fraternal Union (CFU) in the USA. In 1932 he moved to Zagreb, where he was a full professor at the Faculty of medicine until 1944, when he moved again to the USA. He was lecturing also pastoral medicine at the Faculty of Theology in Zagreb, and was known as ardent adversary of abortion and euthanasia. In 1940 he was elected member of the prestigious"Medico-Legal Society" in London, in 1941 promoted the full member of the Tzarist Leopoldine Carolingue Academy of Natural Sciences in Germany, and doctor "honoris causa" at the University of Vienna, where he started his scientific career. For his 1943 investigation of the slaughter of 12,000 Polish officers perpetrated by Soviets in the Katyn wood in 1940, see here. By the end of 1944 he moved again to the USA (St.Louis, Missouri), where he was working until his death. It is important to note that after his initiative in 1941 the Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo was founded in 1944 during the NDH regime.

According to an article published in Vjesnik, December 27, 1992, due to his testimonies related to Katyn wood tragedy, Prof. Miloslavic was sentenced to death in absence by the ex-Yugoslavia.

When the University of Zagreb was founded in 1874, the Viennese government of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire did not permit to open a medical school. Professor Drago Perovic (1888-1968), a Serb born in Herzegovina in Trebinje, who completed his studies in Vienna sub auspiciis regis, was one of the founders of the medical study at the University of Zagreb in 1918. He was one of our experts in the field of anatomy. He was one of important collaborators of Croatian Encyclopedia, initiated in 1930s, and printed in part during the WWII in Zagreb (see his extensive article Anatomija there). He was editor in chief for basic medicinal sciences for the Croatian Encyclopaedia.

Professor Andrija Stampar (1888-1958) was our leading authority in the field of epidemiology and a pioneer in preventive medicine. As an expert of the League of Nations he spent three years (1933-1936) in China, developing the health service there. During the WW2 he was arrested by the German Nazis and kept in custody in Graz in Austria. He was one of the founders of the World Health Organization (WHO) and very active in promoting the health service in Afghanistan, Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia. He wrote the introductory declaration of the Statute of the WHO and was the first president of this organization. In 1948 Andrija Stampar was the chairman of the first WHO General Assembly in Geneva.

The most outstanding representative of the Croatian medicine, our specialist of international reputation in the field of othorhinolaryngology, was Ante Sercer (1896-1968). Due to his efforts a faculty of medical science was founded in Sarajevo in 1944 (terribly bombed by Greater Serbian aggressors since 1992). He was the editor in chief of our Medical Encyclopedia (the first edition appeared in ten volumes, over 700 pages each, in 1957-1965), which was one of the first in the world.

The initiative to open the faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo was given by professor Eduard Miloslavic. He also suggested to open the Faculty of Oriental studies in Sarajevo, and the Sheriatic theological faculty. The University of Zagreb helped during the NDH period (WW2) the Sarajevo faculty of medicine with 15 tons of professional equipment necessary for teaching, and books. Due to war operations in Bosnia going on in 1944/45 it was not possible to transport further equipment for the faculty. When WW2 ended, academician Ante Sercer was sentenced by Yugoslav communists to one year of forced work, and his property was confiscated. He was found guilty among others for having supported the NDH regime to build the faculty in Sarajevo (while the faculty continued its activity after 1945 only due to initial efforts of Croatia during NDH period). And during the ustasha regime in Sarajevo the faculty had 8 professors, among them two Serbs (Zarko Prastalo and Milutin Gligic), and one Muslim (Muhamed Kontardzic). Out of 180 students, about 35% Muslim, 35% Croats, 25% Serbs, and 5% the rest, including Jews. For more information see dr. Vladimir Dugacki: Prvi medicinski fakultet u Sarajevu (1944-1945), Marulic, 1999, 2, Zagreb, p. 282-285.

Vladimir Sertic (1901-1983) was a microbiologist. He discovered and classified several bacteriophages, among others the famous Fi X 174. He was working for 11 years (1929-1940) in Paris in the Laboratory of Felix d'Herelle, the discoverer of bacteriophages. His collaborator in Paris was Nikolai Bulgakov, who emigrated from the Soviet Union and completed his medical studies in Zagreb. The famous Russian writer Michail Bulgakov (the author of `Master and Marguerite') was Nikolai's brother.

Franjo Kogoj (1894-1983), dermatologist, discovered the endemic disease on a beautiful Croatian island of Mljet (the Meleda disease).

Mirko Drazen Grmek (1924-2000), born in Krapina near Zagreb, was professor of history of medicine at the University of Zagreb, where he founded Institute for History of Science, and directed the first Croatian Medical Encyclopedia. Since 1971 he has been full professor at the Sorbonne in Paris, then associate professor of many European and American universities (Berkeley, Cambridge-Masachusetts, Geneva, Lausanne, Bologna, Rome, Zagreb), and finally Director of Studies at the École Practique des Hautes Études, Sorbonne, Paris.

• Very important is Western medical thought from antiquity to the Middle Ages, a landmark work edited by Mirko D. Grmek.
• His monograph History of AIDS: Emergence and Origin of a Modern Pandemic, is winner of the George Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society.

• With Louise Lambrichs he wrote a monograph Les révoltés de Villefranche-de-Rouergue,
• and with Marc Gjidara and Neven Simac Le Nettoyage ethnique,
• Docteur Grmek - Ecrits autobiographiques et politiques de l'historien de la médecine,
• Mirko Grmek: La mémoire manipulée (Le Monde, 12/04/1991), Mirko Grmek est directeur d'études a l'École pratique des hautes études

In 1996 the international scientific journal Eureka called him physician of the century. The journal portrayed him with the following words:

Mirko Grmek is as famous among scholars throughout the world as he was unknown to the wider public. This Croat lived supporting the ideals to which he dedicated his entire life, namely that medicine must be practiced with full sense of conscience, and that science is simply another word if it is not accompanied by humanism.

• Les maladies a l'aube de la civilisation occidentale, Payot, Paris 1983 (Deseases in the Ancient Greek World, John Hopkins Unversity Press, 1989)
• Histoire du sida, Payot, 1989 (History of AIDS, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1990; the first such book)
• (editor) Histoire da la pensée médicale en Occident, I, II, III, Seuil, 1995-1999 (Western medical thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages Cambridge, MA, 1998)
• Le Legs de Claude Bernard, Fayard, 1997
• La vita, la malattia e la storia, Di Renzo Ed., Rome 1998 (French translation La Vie, les maladies et l'histoire, 1999).

La troisième révolution scientifique

In memoriam to professor Grmek

Gabriel Gasic Livanic (1912-1996) was outstanding Chilean biologist, born in a Croatian family of goat herders in Punta Arenas on the very south of Chile. He was professor at the University of Chile in Santiago, specialist for cancer and leukemia. Since 1965 he moved to the USA, where he became professor emeritus of the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, and honorary member of the Hospital of the University of Pennsyilvania. He published his scientific works in prestigious journals like Nature, Science, Journal of Cell Biology, Cancer Research and Proc. National Academy of Sciences.

Danko Brncic Juricic (1925-1998), a Croat born in Punta Arenas, was a founder of genetics scientific studies in Chile, a member of the Chilean Academy of Sciences. He was a student of Professor Gasic. In 1987 Professor Brncic was awarded the National Prize for Science, and obtained a recognition from the Croatian Society in Punta Arenas ("...fue galardonado por la colectividad croata de Magallanes con la primera medalla al mérito científico y cultural"). He is one of the founders of the Genetics Society of Chile (Sociedad genética de Chile), and one of the founders of the Latinoamerican Society for Genetics (Asociación latinoamericana de genética) in 1970, and its first president between 1971-1974. More information, and also [Domic Bezic].

The SUVAG center for voice transmission for reeducation of speech disorders and deafness has been founded in Zagreb in 1961 by Academician Petar Guberina (1913-2005). The name of SUVAG is coined from Systeme Universel Verbotonal d'Audition Guberina.

• Knighthood in 1968,
• the Officer’s Cross in 1989, which he was awarded in main quadrangle of the Sorbonne in Paris.

Petar Guberina earned his PhD in 1939 at Sorbone in Paris, and the title of his thesis was Valeur logique et valueur stilistique des propositions complexes en français et en croate.

Kresimir Krnjevic, is outstanding Croatian neuroscientist working in Canada. He had a “complicated early life history” because his father had been active as a Croatian politician in the 1920s and ’30s. Born Zagreb, 1927, he was the son of Juraj Krnjevic, General Secretary of the Croatian Peasant Party and youngest elected member of the Yugoslav Parliament who, 1930, left Croatia to appeal for Croatian democracy at the League of Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, after King Alexander took power. With substantial autonomy granted in 1939, the family returned to Zagreb but when Germany invaded Yugoslavia, 1941, Juraj, as a senior government official, left Zagreb, first for the Middle East, then England, while Kresimir and his sister attended high school, Capetown, South Africa. Reunited with his father, 1944, Kresimir attended Edinburgh University, earning an M.D., 1949, and Ph.D., 1954. Interested in brain research, he continued his post-doctoral studies at the University of Washington, Seattle, 1954-56, and at the John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, 1956-58, before returning to the U.K. as Senior Principal Scientist Research Officer, Babraham Institute, Cambridge.

Professor Kresimir Krnjevic
(photo from McGill Reporter, with additional biographical data)

Invited to be a visiting Professor, McGill University, 1964, Montreal “proved so attractive” that he “could not resist the offer” to remain as McGill’s Director, Anaesthesia Research Department where he has taught, Department of Physiology, and has been The Joseph Morley Drake Professor since 1978, while conducting research on nerve cells and brain synapses. Fellow, Royal Society of Canada, 1975, other honours include the Gairdner Foundation International Prize, 1984, Officer of the Order of Canada, 1987, and the Wilder Penfield Prize, Government of Quebec, 1997. Though he retired, May, 1999, Dr. Krnjevi´c is still doing research at McGill. He is also a member of the Croatian International Initiative, a loose grouping of some two dozen individuals from the Croatian diaspora that promotes democratic institutions in Croatia. This text is from Croatians in Canada.

Mladen Vranic (1930) is distinguished researcher and educator in medical sciences (endocrinology and metabolism) and former chair of physiology at the University of Toronto, where insulin was discovered in 1923. He earned the title of Honorary Medical Doctor Institute, Sweden. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and a corresponding member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Professor Mladen Vranic

He is the only Canadian who got most prestigious awards from American Diabetes association, and 2007 inaugural life achievement award from Canadian Diabetes association.

Pasko Rakic (1933), outstanding neurobiologist, professor at Yale, educated at the University of Belgrade (M.D. and Ph.D.), wrote the following: Both [science and art] want to find some meaning or order in the large picture of chaos. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of other national institutions, recipient of numerous honours throughout the world, including Croatia.

Pasko Rakic
(photo from A lively debate about brain’s capacity for renewal)

"I consider Pasko to be one of the most brilliant neuroscientists not just of this generation but in the history of neuroscience," says Susan Hockfield (Nat. Med. 11, 110; 2005), former provost of Yale and now president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "What he's contributed to neuroscience is really on the order of Cajal or Golgi [Nobel Prize winners, 1906].", see Nature Medicine. His wife Patricia Goldman Rakic, who tragically died at the car accident in 2003, was also outstanding neouroscientist. Both of them are founding editors of the prestigeous scientific journal Cerebral CORTEX, Oxford. Professor Pasko Rakic maintains a fruitful collaboration with his colleagues in Croatia.

Neuroscience in Croatia - PDF, with more detailed information about Pasko Rakic and Kresimir Krnjevic.

Asaf Durakovic (1940) is a nuclear scientist and former Chief of the Nuclear Sciences Division at the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, USA. He earned both master's and doctoral degrees in medicine at the University of Zagreb. He is currently the Medical Director of the Uranium Medical Research Center, an independent non-profit institute which studies the effects of Uranium contamination. See his publications and current developments. See his short biography (and some of his poetry) published by the Croatian Medical Journal in 1999.

Dr Asaf Durakovic, photo from the Cosmpolitan University

www.democracynow.org (2003): Dr. Asaf Durakovic gives a rare interview about depleted uranium in Iraq: he was the first military doctor to test Gulf War veterans for radiation exposure and was terminated for his work

Dr. Asaf Durakovic was Awarded International Peace Prize (2004):
The prize was awarded for the work on the issues of radioactive warfare, depleted uranium, and medical and environmental effects of nuclear weapons on the human habitat and biosphere. The prize is sponsored by over 134 nations. Dr. Durakovic is donating the $10,000 cash prize to UMRC's continuing work on nuclear and radioactive warfare.

Zagreb has one of the most prestigious ultrasound diagnostic centers in the field of cardiology and gynecology, founded by Professor Asim Kurjak. He founded the Ian Donald Inter-University School of Medical Ultrasound in Dubrovnik, Croatia in 1981.

Professor Kurjak is past President of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine and past President of the international society “The Fetus as a Patient” and past secretary of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG).

Pavle Balenovic is known for his deep insight into the behaviour of wild animals in Croatia, in particular of wolves. He studied them during many years in the region of the Velebit mountain. See his beautiful web pages White Paw. He prepared an amazing documentary The Wolf Man - the Diary of Paul Balenovic, about his friendship with the wolf Lik. It was shown by the BBC throughout the world with great success. The name of Lik is derived from LIKA, a Croatian region on the north of Velebit, known for its beauty, its extremely difficult history, and its wolves.

A considerable number of contemporary Croatian scientists are having a world wide reputation. It would be impossible to mention them all in a small essay like this. See [Distinguished Croatian scientists in the world, I, II, III].

Humanitarian activity

• in Croatian
• in English

• German: one edition from 1778;
• Dutch: three editions from 1778, published in the Hague (!), Amsterdam, and Leeuwarden;
• Swedish: 1778 edition in Norrköping, 1779 edition in Stockholm;
• Latvian: Riga - Leipzig 1804, reprint of Latvian and German translations in Riga 1804, Latvian translation in Jelgawa in 1805.

Here are title pages of Dutch and German 1778 editions:

Reference: Borislav Arapovic, Hrvatski mirospis 1778, Matica hrvatska, Mostar, 1999, ISBN 9958-9448-2-0

Dr. Borislav Arapovic is a honorary director of Biblical institute in Stockholm, Sweden. Born in Bisine, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 1935, studied in Zagreb, emigrated in 1965 to Sweden due to political reasons, in Stockholm obtained his Ph.D. In 1973 he founded The Institute for Translation of The Bible into Languages of (former) Soviet Union. In 1996 the Russian Academy of Sciences conferred him a doctorate honoris causa. In 1999 he was elected foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. For the creation of the Children’s Bible in 1983, Dr. Borislav Arapovic was awarded the Leo Tolstoy medal by the Russian Children’s Fund. In the period of 1983-90 ten editions of the Children’s Bible in five million copies were printed for free distribution in Russia. Photo from the Institute for Bible Translation, Russia. For those who can read Russian, see Institut perevoda Biblii.

See Beniamin (or Veniamin in the Russian), a Croatian dominican priest, and his participation in writing the first Russian Bible in Novgorod, 1499

Borislav Arapovic discovered two interesting texts related to Croatian military, both written originally in the Croatian language, but only their German translations are known:

• Kurze Anrede (A Short Address), Vienna 1779, 10 pages, containing Ivan Vukasovic's address to Croatian soldiers. The full title is A Short Address to the children of his parish made by Mr. Ivan von Vukasovic, Catholic parish priest in the town of Otocac in Croatia, on 3 January 1779, when following the end of the first campaign they returned home on leave and in their principal parish church raised a captured Prussian flag which had most graciously been presented to them. Translated from the Croatian language into German.
• Die Hemkunft der Kroaten (The Return of the Croatas), poem of an anonymous author, Vienna 1779. It is probably related to the town of Krizevci on the north of Croatia, and contains 37 stanzas of four verses each.

Humanitarian activity of the International Fund Hungry Child is world-wide known. Its founder (1969 in Zagreb) and the Secretary General was Vladimir Palecek (1940-1990). Only in the period from 1969 to 1979 humanitarian aid (medicaments, food, clothing, ambulances, money) has been sent to:

Afganistan, Algeria, Angola, Bangladesh, Bhurma, Chad, Columbia, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gibouty, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Ivory Coast, Kenia, Lebanon, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mozabique, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Upper Volta, Tunis, Turkey, Uganda, Vietnam, D.R. Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia.

Many individuals (painters, musicians etc.) and companies (especially food producing and transport companies) in Croatia contributed to the activity of the International Fund Hungry Child. Vladimir Palecek also founded and was the Secretary General of the International Committee for the Protection of Unborn Children (1986 in Vienna) and the International Mission for Science and Peace (1988 in Geneva). He collaborated also with Mother Teresa.

Mother Teresa in Zagreb in 1977 with Fr. Anto Gabric and Vladimir Palacek on the left. Many thanks to Snjezana Bozic for the photo.

It would be hardly possible even to trace all the aspects of humanitarian activity during the years of the aggression on Croatia.

We offer you a very interesting and successful illustration of humanitarian activity in Croatia:

• The Lipik Orphanage and Colonel Mark Cook

Martyrdom in Croatian Homeland War (1990-1995), lecture delivered in Zagreb by dr. Juraj Njavro in 2005, surgeon at the Vukovar Hospital in 1991, [PPT, in Croatian].
My deep gratitude to dr. Njavro for permission.

The Wall of Pain (Zid boli) in Zagreb is a memorial for all Croatians who were killed or disappeared during the Greater-Serbian aggression on Croatia (1990-1995).

Croatian Science

Croatia - an overview of its History, Culture and Science