NEW BOOK 2003
CROATIA and CROATIANS
and the LOST COLONY 1585-1590
By Adam S. Eterovich
America was being
colonized by the English in 1585-1590 at Croatoan-Roanoke on the
Atlantic coast in the Carolinas. This was called the Lost Colony. Sir
Walter Raleigh was given a Royal Charter to colonize. When the English
returned in 1590 they found carved on a tree
“Croatoan†and no
colonists. Western historians state that Croatoan-Croatan is an Indian
word. This was the first English attempt to colonize in America.
In 1588 the great
Spanish Armada attacked England. It is estimated that at least fifteen
percent of the war galleons and merchant fleet under Spanish flag were
from Dalmatia, Croatia.
In 1588 the Pope, Sixtus
V, was a Croatian and the Great Vizier or Prime Minister of the Turkish
Empire, Siavus Pasha Hrvat (Hrvat means Croatian) was a Croatian. At
that point in time these two individuals were the most powerful and
influential men in all of Europe. Both were immigrants; one an
"Italian", the other a "Turk".
A Croatian traveling
west in Europe or to the New World from 1300-1700 could have been
identified in documents as Hungarian, Venetian, Austrian, Turkish,
Italian-Venetian, Schiavon, Slavonian, Illyrian, Dalmatian or from the
Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik).
In 2003 to state or
assume that Croatians participated in discovery of new lands and were
with Columbus would not be believed and probably questioned in many
circles. The 1400's-1650's were in fact a golden age for Croatia
disproportionate to her size in territory and population, considering
the Ottoman Turk invasion and conquest of Croatia up to
Croatian-Dalmatia and the Republic of Ragusa.
Previous, during and
after the discovery of America, Croatians participated in mercantile
and diplomatic activities in Spain, Portugal, England, France,
Florence, Venice, Genoa and in India, America, Canada, Central and
South America. Their presence in England at the time of colonization
was neither accidental nor luck.
Voyages on the American
Coast
In 1498 John Cabot,
discoverer of North America, started on his second voyage and then
coasted along the East shore of the American mainland to Cape Hatteras.
Explorations of later date found pieces of a broken sword of Italian
workmanship, and that two silver earrings of Venetian make had been
seen upon a boy who was a native of the North-West country in America
which might indicate the destruction of part of Cabot's fleet. Cabot's
lawyer was a Dalmatian from Dubrovnik-Ragusa.
New Dalmatia
The New England Coast
was first called New Dalmatia by explorer Verrazano in 1524. This had
been written about by French, Italian and American historians.
Verrazano mentions Sclavonia, Dalmatia and names four islands after
Dalmatian islands. Isola Lunga is Dugi Otok or Long Island, New York.
Verrazano discovered New York and may have lost ships off the Carolina
coast.
San Blas-Saint Vlaho
Jean Alfonse in the
Alfonse Voyages of the 1540's along the Atlantic coast comments on
passing Cap S. Blas, not naming it, with a notation of northeast of
Florida in beautiful country at the port of Chatelain which would be
Charleston, South Carolina. S. Blas is Saint Vlaho or Sveti Vlaho in
Croatian. Saint Vlaho is the Patron Saint of Dubrovnik in Croatia.
Levantine Mariners
In 1565 Menendez de
Aviles, the new governor of Florida, wiped out a colony of French
Huguenots trying to settle near present-day Jacksonville. The
"Levantine" mariners aboard the Flagship rebelled and took the ship and
disappeared. Navigation would dictate that the ship went north and
could have crashed off of Hatteras. Levantine mariners were usually
Dalmatian-Croatian Catholics. Spain would not allow on her ships Greek
Orthodox or Moslems.
Sir Walter Raleigh and
Nikola Gozi-Gucetich
Sir Walter Raleigh and
Nikola Gozi-Gucetich held meetings in 1585 in London, prior to the
voyage, with the admiral Lord Charles Howard of Effingham. Croatoan
Island was first called My Lord Admirals Island in honor of Lord Howard
of Effingham. Nikola Gozi-Gucetich of Dubrovnik was the second largest
foreign banker in England. His nephew, Paolo Gondola-Gundulich, wrote
letters to a friend in Florence from London of Drake and Raleigh in
Virginia and other voyages. The Dalmatian-Croatian colony had a
Fraternity in London. They probably were venture capitalists in a
number of English voyages of exploration.
Croatian Place Names in
North Carolina
Place names and names
found in North Carolina associated with Croatia are: Croatamonge,
Croatamung Island, Croatan Indians, Croatan Indian Park, Croatan
National Forest, Croatan Sound, Croatan Township, Croatan Wildlife
Area, Croatoan and Croatoan Island.
Croato an--Croat an
Croato-Croata-Croati is
the Italian form of Croatia or Croatian. The Italian alphabet does not
have a K. When a person is from a place such as Split, Dubrovnik,
Ragusa, Zagreb, as examples ---- you can say he is a: Splitcan, Hvaran,
Dubrovcan, Ragusan, Zagrebcan, Trogiran, Hercegovan. Croatia was not a
country in the 1500s but a part of Venice, Austria, Hungary, Turkey or
the Republic of Dubrovnik-Ragusa. One could say they were: Croatians,
Croatans or Croatoan s. All historians and experts state that Croatoan
is an Algonquin Indian name. Other experts state there is no CR or KR
sound in the Algonquin language in that area.
Is Ottorasko-Hrvatsko
(Croatia)?
Cape Hatteras: Place
name variations included Hatarask, Hotoras, Hatorask, Hatorasck,
Hatrask, Otterasco, 0ttorasko. Ottorasko was the earliest name given to
this island south of Port Ferdinando with Croatoan southward from it
again.
Melingi-Melingoi
The Melungeon, Lumbee,
and Croatan groups in America claim to be a mixture of Indian and
European mariners, liberated slaves, Lost Colonists, and remnants of
Spanish and Portuguese settlements. There is considerable speculation
as to the origin of the name Melungeon. The Melingi-Melingoi were
Slavic groups in the Balkans that would have willingly served in
Turkish fleets.
Turkish Slaves
Sir Frances Drake
liberated hundreds of slaves in the Caribbean while plundering Spanish
settlements. Drake brought material help to the Roanoke Colony and left
the Turks and Moors and some European slaves at Roanoke. These
liberated slaves far outnumbered the English Colonists; some left with
Drake and were returned to Turkey. The Turkish slaves were captured in
sea battles in the Mediterranean. Almost all Turkish admirals in the
1500’s were Croatian-Dalmatians.
Bosnia-Hercegovina, one half of Croatia and parts of the Dalmatian
coast, all part of the Croatian kingdom, were conquered by Turkey. Many
Dalmatian mariners served in Turkish fleets; the second language at the
Turkish Court for the military and marine was Croatian. Twenty two
Great Viziers (Prime Ministers) of the Turkish Empire were Croatians.
Fish
At the Lost Colony,
Ribuckon meant in Algonquin Indian a fishing place or fish; Cipo was
mullet fish; Cante-Cante meant to sing and dance and Sat was time.
There were many other similarities. Gray eyes and blondish hair amongst
the Indians was noted for centuries. Gray eyes and light hair is found
in Croatia in great numbers and not found in any other Mediterranean
people.
Research should be done
at Istanbul, Turkey to determine the names of those "Turks" returned by
the English from the Lost Colony. DNA and blood testing is now being
conducted, but is not considering Croatians or Croatia and Bosnia.
Books Available:
- Eterovich, Adam S.: Croatia
and Croatians at the Lost Colony, 1585-1590.
San Carlos: Ragusan Press. 2003. Soft Cover, 8 1/2 x 11, 156 pages.
Illustrated. $25.00. The first English colony in America. Send check to
Adam S. Eterovich, 2527 San Carlos Ave., San Carlos, Ca. 94070. Phone
650-592-1190. E-Mail croatians@aol.com - www.croatians.com
- Eterovich, Adam S.: Croatian
Contributions to San Francisco from 1849-1949 to Restaurants, Coffee
Saloons, Oyster Saloons, Saloons, Liquor, Importers-Exporters,
Fruits-Produce, Fishermen-Oystermen and Mariners.
San Carlos: Ragusan Press, 2003. Soft Cover. 215 pages. Illustrated.
$25.00. Make check to Adam S. Eterovich, 2527 San Carlos Ave., San
Carlos, CA 94070. Phone 650-592-1190. E-Mail croatians@aol.com.
www.croatians.com
- Eterovich, Adam S.: Gold
Rush Pioneers From Croatia, Bosnia-Hercegovina and the Boka Kotor.
San Carlos: Ragusan Press, 2003, 2527 San Carlos Ave., San Carlos, CA
94070. Soft Cover, 81/2x11. $25.00. Covers the Gold Rush of 1848 in
California and the Silver Boom of 1859 in Nevada. Included are the
saloons, coffee saloons, and restaurants. All pioneers are listed in an
extensive Index. Eterovich, Adam S. A Guide to Croatian Genealogy. San
Carlos, Calif.: Ragusan Press, 1995. 50 pages. Booklet. $14.00.
Includes Maps, Translations, Archives.
- Eterovich, Adam S.: A Guide and Index
to Croatian Coats
of Arms. San Carlos: Ragusan
Press, 2003. 70 pages. Soft Cover. Spiral Bound. $15.00. An index and
guide to the Nobility of Croatia. Over 7000 names and variations.
Eterovich, Adam S. Croatian Popes and Saints and the Croatian Checkered
Arms. San Carlos: Ragusan Press, 1998. 60 pages. $15.00. A booklet
containing all forms of family and state arms with the Croatian
checkered arms. Thirteen Popes had similar Arms.
- Eterovich, Adam S.: Croatians
in California, 1849-1999. San
Carlos, Ca: Ragusan Press, 2000. 650 pages. $30.00. Gold Rush pioneers,
the wild west-saloons, restaurants, farms, orchards, vineyards,
fishermen, music, celebrations, societies, churches and 1000's of
individuals. 800 biographies. 115 Illustrations.
- Eterovich, Adam S. and
Simich, Jerry L.: General
Index to Croatian Pioneers in California, 1849-1999.
San Carlos, Ca.: Ragusan Press. 1999. 370 pages. $30.00. An Index by
Name, Date, Occupation or Activity, Location, Town of Origin and
Reference Source. Abstracted from cemeteries, voting registers, census,
society records church records and other source. 45,000 individuals
plus mariages.
- Eterovich, Adam S.: Croatian
Pioneers in America, 1685-1900.
San Carlos, Ca.: Ragusan Press, 1979. 205 pages. $20.00. Covers those
that came to the Southern United States and to the West for the Gold
Rush.
- Eterovich, Adam S.: Marco
Polo Croatian Adventurer. San
Carlos. Calif.: Ragusan Press, 1987. 12 page Booklet. $6.00. Marko Polo
born on Island of Korcula, Dalmatia, Croatia.
- Eterovich, Adam S.: Croatia
in the New World: Columbus, The Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and
Saint Vlaho (Saint Blaise) Patron Saint of Dubrovnik.
San Carlos, Calif.: Ragusan Press, 1993. Booklet. $8.00. Four Croatians
with Columbus.
- Eterovich, Adam S.: Croatia
in the New World: Sebastian Cabot's Voyage to the Rio De La Plata,
1526-1530. San Carlos, Calif.:
Ragusan Press, 1990. Booklet $6.00. Croatian officers and mariners with
Cabot. Cabot could be Croatian.
- Eterovich, Adam S.: Croatia
in the New World: The Verrazano Voyages to America and Canada, 1523-1524.
San Carlos, Calif.: Ragusan Press, 1990. Booklet $6.00. New England was
first named New Dalmatia. Verrazano could be Croatian.
Croatian mariners in the New
World; guilds and collegiums
JELACIC,
by Michel Iellatchitch, France
Croatian History, Culture, and
Science
|